 |
| 芬蘭赫爾辛基火車站建於1906～1916年，是本世紀初車站建築中的珍品，也是北歐早期現代派範疇的重要建築實例 |
芬蘭赫爾辛基火車站建於1906～1916年，是本世紀初車站建築中的珍品，也是北歐早期現代派範疇的重要建築實例，但基本上還是折衷主義的。它輪廓清晰，體形明快，細部簡練，既表現了磚石建築的特徵，又反映了向現代派建築發展的趨勢。赫爾辛基火車站的設計者是著名建築師艾里爾•沙裏寧（Eliel Saarinen，1873～1950年），赫爾辛基火車站是他的浪漫古典主義建築的代表作，雖有古典之厚重格調，但又高低錯落，
方圓相映，因而生動活潑，有紀念性而不呆板，被視為20世紀建築藝術精品之一。
 |
| 折衷主義，在傳統與現代之間徘徊。 |
 |
| 大門 |
建築地點：芬蘭赫爾新基火車站。
建築師：E.沙裏寧（Eliel Saarinen ）
建築時間：1910-14
Eliel Saarinen(1873-1950)為斯堪地那維亞二十世紀前期的民族浪漫運動(National Romantic Movement)最主要的代表性建築師之一。他生於芬蘭Rantasalmi，畢業於Helsinki Polytechnic。1896-1907年間他是Herman Gesellius and Armas Lindgren建築師事務所的合夥人，他們的作品在1900年巴黎博覽會曾經引起很大的注目。他們設計的National Museum of Helsinki(1901-02)融合了鄉土風格與美術工藝運動的元素，在藝術創作上表達了芬蘭獨特的環境特質，成就了對民族浪漫運動主要的貢獻。 1904年Saarinen獲得Helsinki Main Railway Station(built 1910-14)設計競圖，此設計讓他的美畫觀(picturesqueness)與象徵主義發展得更成熟更抽象，以鋼筋混凝土建構一個系統化的拱頂和線性的輪廓。
1922年他參加了Chicago Tribune Tower國際競圖，影響他次年1923年移民美國。1925年之後他開始在Cranbrook、Michigan的教書工作。1937年之後他與兒子 Eero Saarinen(1910-61)成立事務所，主要的作品是位於Columbus的The First Christian Church(1942)。 Saarinen的著作有The City（1943）， Search for Form(1949)。
郭肇立教授，2006年4月20日，於台北市長官阺藝文沙龍的演講。
Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen (August 20, 1873, Rantasalmi, Finland – July 1, 1950, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, United States) was a Finnish architect who became famous for his art nouveau buildings in the early years of the 20th century.
Saarinen was educated in Helsinki at the Helsinki University of Technology. From 1896 to 1905 he worked as a partner with Herman Gesellius and Armas Lindgren at the firm Gesellius, Lindgren, and Saarinen. His first major work with the firm, the Finnish pavilion at the World Fair of 1900, exhibited an extraordinary convergence of stylistic influences: Finnish wooden architecture, the British Gothic Revival, and the Jugendstil. Saarinen's early manner was later christened the Finnish National Romanticism and culminated in the Helsinki Central railway station (designed 1904, constructed 1910-14). From 1910–15 he worked on the extensive city-planning project of Munksnäs-Haga and later published a book on the subject. In January 1911 he became a consultant in city planning for Reval, Estonia and was invited to Budapest to advise in city development. In 1912, a brochure written by Saarinen about the planning problems of Budapest was published. In April 1913 he received the first place award in an international competition for his plan of Reval. During 1917-18 Saarinen worked on the city-plan for greater Helsinki. He also designed the Finnish markka banknotes introduced in 1922.
On March 6, 1904 Saarinen married Louise (Loja) Gesellius, a sculptor in Helsinki, and the younger sister of Herman Gesellius. They had a daughter Eva-Lisa (Pipsan) on March 31, 1905 and a son Eero on August 20, 1910.
The Saarinen house at Cranbrook
Eliel Saarinen moved to the United States in 1923 after his noted competition entry for the Tribune Tower in Chicago, Illinois. Although Saarinen's entry won second place and was not built in Chicago, his design was fully realized in the 1929 Gulf Building in Houston, Texas. Saarinen first settled in Evanston, Illinois, where he worked on his scheme for the development of the Chicago lake front. In 1924 he became a visiting professor at the University of Michigan.
In 1925 George Gough Booth asked him to design the campus of Cranbrook Educational Community, intended as an American equivalent to the Bauhaus. Saarinen taught there and became president of the Cranbrook Academy of Art in 1932. Among his student-collaborators were Ray Eames (then Ray Kaiser) and Charles Eames; Saarinen influenced their subsequent furniture design.
He became a professor in the University of Michigan's Architecture Department; today a professorship at Michigan's A. Alfred Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning is named for him, and the College holds an annual lecture series in his honor.
His son, Eero (1910–1961), became one of the most important American architects of the mid-20th century, as one of the leaders of the International style. Saarinen's student Edmund N. Bacon achieved national prominence as Executive Director of the Philadelphia City Planning Commission from 1949 to 1970.
Helsinki Railway Station (1910-14).
Mutual Reserve Association Building in Tallinn (1912).
[edit] Buildings
* Finnish Pavilion at the Exposition Universelle (1900), Paris
* Hvitträsk, Eliel Saarinen's home in Kirkkonummi 1902
* Clubhouse of Luther factory, Tallinn, Estonia 1905
* Helsinki Central railway station 1905–1914
* National Museum of Finland in Helsinki 1902–1904
* Lahti Town Hall, Lahti, Finland 1911
* Mutual Reserve Association Building, Tallinn, Estonia 1912
* Vyborg railway station (today in Russia) 1904–1913 (destroyed 1941)
* Saint Paul's Church, Tartu, Estonia 1917
* First Christian Church, Columbus, Indiana 1942
* Kleinhans Music Hall, Buffalo, New York; designed in collaboration with his son Eero Saarinen
* Original Wing of Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, Iowa 1945–1948
* Cranbrook Educational Community, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan
* Christ Church Lutheran, Minneapolis, Minnesota 1949
* The Fenton Community Center, Fenton, Michigan
[edit] References and further reading
* A&E with Richard Guy Wilson, Ph.D.,(2000). America's Castles: Newspaper Moguls, Pittock Mansion, Cranbrook House & Gardens, The American Swedish Institute. A&E Television Network.
* Hill, Eric J. and John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
* Merkel, Jayne (2005). Eero Saarinen. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 071484277X.
* Pelkonen, Eeva-Liisa (2006). Eero Saarinen. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300112823.
* Roman, Antonio (2003). Eero Saarinen. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1568983409.
* Saarinen, Aline B. (ed) (1968). Eero Saarinen on His Work. New Haven: Yale University Press.
* Serraino, Pierluigi (2006). Saarinen, 1910-1961: a Structural Expressionist. KöLn: Taschen. ISBN 3822836451.
[edit] External links
Sister project Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eliel Saarinen
* Eliel Saarinen at the archINFORM database